![]() ![]() This was largely attributed to the strong correlation between hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis, along with the dominant role LDL appeared to play. Early research suggested that lipids were a major contributing factor to the onset and progression of the atherosclerotic plaque. Atherosclerosis and Lipids: A Brief OverviewĪtherosclerosis is a complex, progressive disease predominantly occurring in the large arteries of the body. Thus, it is imperative that HDL composition and function in normal and disease states is comprehensively understood. ![]() Rader’s laboratory which clearly showed that HDL function (i.e., the ability to promote cholesterol efflux from a standardized cell model) was impaired from patients with CVD and was a leading predictor of risk. Perhaps the most seminal finding of recent times relating to this is the work from Dr. Given the complex interactions of HDL genetics, function, and interplay with CVD, understanding how HDL modulates cholesterol flux is of increasing significance. However, while plasma HDL levels offer prognostic value, the genetics behind differing HDL levels have failed to show association between increased HDL levels and protection from myocardial infarction. We have now come to understand that for every 5 mg/dL decease in HDL levels below the average (~50 mg/dL), there is an approximate 25% increase in the risk of myocardial infarction. Alternatively and perhaps more strikingly is the highly robust inverse correlation between high density lipoprotein (HDL) levels and the risk of CVD, independent of plasma LDL levels. Such dyslipidemias include increases in both plasma total and low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol leading to LDL modification and increased accumulation of modified LDL in the intima of the vasculature. Dyslipidemia, or the imbalance of plasma lipid levels, together with disturbances of intracellular lipid metabolism, underlie atherosclerotic plaque development. IntroductionĬardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the dominant cause of death globally, and while it is recognized as a multifactorial disease with many risk factors, atherosclerosis is responsible for the major pathology contributing to end stage heart disease. While HDL is a key cholesterol efflux particle, this review highlights the many other important functions of HDL in the innate immune system and details the potential therapeutic uses of HDL outside of CVD. This review summarizes many of the different aspects of HDL from its assembly, the receptors it interacts with, along with the functions it performs and how it can be altered in disease. HDL is constantly undergoing remodelling throughout its life-span and carries out many functions. HDL is a complex particle that consists of proteins, phospholipids, and cholesterol and has the ability to carry micro-RNAs. For close to four decades, we have known that high density lipoprotein (HDL) levels are inversely correlated with the risk of CVD. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death globally.
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